The Power of Voices: Lessons from the March 1st Movement

March 1st, known as 삼일절 (Samiljeol) in South Korea, marks a pivotal moment in the nation's history. On this day in 1919, Korean activists led a nationwide movement against Japanese colonial rule, demanding independence and national sovereignty. The March 1st Movement was not just a political demonstration—it was a powerful expression of collective resistance, proving that the voices of ordinary citizens could challenge oppression. Today, it remains a symbol of Korea’s enduring spirit and the fight for justice.

The movement was sparked by the death of Emperor Gojong, which fueled existing resentment toward Japanese colonial policies. Inspired by global movements for self-determination following World War I, Korean intellectuals and students drafted the Declaration of Independence, which was publicly read on March 1, 1919, at Pagoda Park in Seoul. This peaceful demonstration quickly spread across the country, with thousands joining to protest Japan’s control over Korea. Despite the movement’s nonviolent nature, the Japanese authorities responded with brutal suppression, arresting thousands and killing hundreds of demonstrators.

One of the most striking aspects of the March 1st Movement was the role of students and religious leaders. Figures like Ryu Gwansun, a teenage activist, became symbols of courage as they led protests despite knowing the risks. Christian, Buddhist, and Cheondoist leaders also played key roles in mobilizing people, demonstrating the movement’s broad support across different sectors of society. Their leadership underscored the idea that national unity, beyond political ideologies or religious affiliations, was essential in resisting oppression.

Although the movement did not immediately achieve independence, it had lasting consequences. Internationally, it exposed Japan’s oppressive colonial rule, drawing attention to Korea’s struggle for freedom. Domestically, it laid the foundation for future independence efforts, inspiring movements that would eventually lead to Korea’s liberation in 1945. The March 1st Movement also contributed to the formation of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai, which played a crucial role in Korea’s independence movement abroad.

Today, March 1st is a national holiday in South Korea, commemorated with ceremonies, reenactments, and tributes to those who fought for independence. Every year, government officials, students, and citizens gather at historic sites like Tapgol Park to honor the resilience of past generations. The day serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made for Korea’s freedom and the importance of protecting democracy and human rights.

The legacy of the March 1st Movement extends beyond history books—it is a testament to the power of collective action. It teaches that even in the face of overwhelming adversity, the voices of the people can drive change. In an era where democracy and justice are still being challenged worldwide, the lessons of March 1st remain as relevant as ever, inspiring new generations to stand up for their rights and ideals.

Works Cited

Caprio, Mark. Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945. University of Washington Press, 2009.

Eckert, Carter J., et al. Korea Old and New: A History. Harvard University Press, 1990.

Kim, Yongick. “March First Movement.” Encyclopedia of Korean Culture, Academy of Korean Studies, 1991, https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=3570115&cid=46648&categoryId=46648.

Ryu, Dae Young. “The March First Movement and Religious Nationalism in Korea: Reappraising Protestant Mobilization During the Independence Struggle.” Church History, vol. 75, no. 3, 2006, pp. 552–584.

Shin, Gi-Wook, and Michael Robinson, editors. Colonial Modernity in Korea. Harvard University Asia Center, 1999.

Image Citation: The Hankyoreh. “삼일절 관련 이미지.” The Hankyoreh, 1 Mar. 2024, www.hani.co.kr/arti/opinion/column/1130519.html. Accessed 19 Feb. 2025.